The Enzymes

A molecule of DNA polymerase binds to one another to one strand of the DNA and begins moving along in the 3' to 5' direction using a template for assembling a leading strand of nucleotides and reforming a double helix



The porpuse of the LAB BENCH was to measure the amount of dissolved oxygen in water samples at different temperature. Analyse the effect of varying amounts of light on primary productivity.

Mutualism, Parasitism and Commensaism

Mutualism: a relationship between two species of organisms in which both benefit from the association
ex:clownfish, sea anemones, termites and intestinal flagellates

Parasitism: a relatioship between organisms in which one lives as a parasite on another
ex:tick, lice, and worms

Commensalism: a relationship between two kinds of organisms in which one obtain food or another benefits from the other without damaging or benefiting
ex: remora, sharks and barnacles.

Four Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates

• molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• referred to as sugars
• C6H12O6

Lipids

• molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• lipids include steroids, waxes, and fat
• the enzyme lipase breaks down fats into falty acids and glycerol in the human digestive system

Protein

• proteins are composed of amino acidswhich contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms
• amino acids also contain sulfur phosphorous, iron and copper

Nucleic Acids

• large molecules
• composed of smaller units called nucleotides
• live organisms have 2 important nucleic acids DNA or RNA

Evidence of Evoution

1. Fossil evidence indiates that evolution has ocurred
2. The Anatomical Record
3. The Molecular Record
4. Convegent & Divergent Evolution

Natural Selection

Natural selection
(differential reproduction genotypes)
Is the process in the theory of evolution where organisms that are best suited to their environment survive and pass on their genetic characteristics in increasing number while organisms that are less adapted tend to be eliminated.

**the rat snake has different populations in eastern North America. All compromise one specie because mating can occur between adjacent populations causing to share a common genepool.

**are well documented both by obsserving and through the fossil record!**

Darwins vs. Lamarck theory of evolution

Darwins

• Individuals display differences
• Shortage of food leads them to fight for existence
• Individuals with superior differences have more change to reach adulthood, reproduce and transmit these variations to their offspring

Lamarck's

• Environmental changes generate new needs
• these needs determine to use or disuse of some organs
• such organs develop or are diminished
• the acquired characters are hereditary

*Contrast to Lamarck's evolutionary, Darwin's theory of evolution proposed natural selection as the basis of evolution and human origin*

Phloem and xylem

Both

*makeup the big transportation

system of vascular plants.

*both are tubular structures

Phloem

*transport water and food

xylem

*imports water and minerals

Human Body Systems

Respiratory: this system consists of the trachea, a passageway of air from the mouth or nasal cavity. The purpose of the respiratory system is to provide the body with oxygen and to dispel carbon dioxide from the body.

Muscular: the three types of muscles are smooth(found in internal organs and blood muscles),cardiacfound in the heart), and skeletal(attached to bones). Smooth muscles allows for the contraction of organs, cardiac muscle is responsable for the pumping of the heart and skeletal allows all movement of the body.

Excretory/ Urinary: consists of the kidneys, uteres, the urinary bladder and the urethra. The excretory system is ti filter the blood and remove major waste products such as ammonia and urea. Responsible for regulating the pH of the blood.

Immune/ Lymphatic: the lymph nodes and lymph vessels are founf throughout the body and help filter out antigens, disease causing microorganisms. The tonsils, thymus gland, spleen, and bone marrow are also involved in the immune system. The function of the immune system is to protect the body from infections and antigens.

Human Body Systems

Reproductive system consists of the testis, vas deferens, urethra, and the penis(male) ovary, uterus, and the vagina (female). Its function in males and females is to perpectuate species trough reproduction.

Intergumentary(skin) composed of two parts epidemis, dermis. The skin is responsible for regulating your body temperature, serves as a protective layer to the underlying tissues.

Skeletal system is compromised with two parts, axial epidermis, appendicular skeleton.Provides a framework for the tissue of the body, upper organs.

Human Body Systems

Circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood. The function of the circulatory system is to transport blood to every part of the body. In the blood are all the necessary gases, nutrients,and waste products; which are all transported to the necessary parts of the body.

Digestive system begins with the mouth, then with the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. The function of the digestive system is to digest food and provide vital nutrients to the body,help regulates metabolism and to eliminate wastes.

Nervous system is broken down into two parts, the central and the peripheral. The brain and spinal cord combine to create the central nervous system. The nervous system controls all bodily activities.

Endocrine system consists of a network of glands including the pituitary, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, testes, ovaries, adrenal,and parathyroid glands. The glands secrete hormones that play a role in the regulation of digestion, metabolism, and homeostasis.